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Klaus Bung:
Kuwait History Quiz
Or: A simpleton's guide, or catechism, to the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait
355 Questions and Answers
Version: March 1991
Note: The figures for population, economics and some other information is as it was before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. They will be up-dated after a publisher has been found. Illustrations and maps are to be added in collaboration with the publisher.
Contents
1. Introduction to Kuwait History Quiz
1.1 Why rehearse a Kuwait quiz?
If you want to argue, you have, at least, to know some facts.
Many people do not know much even about their
own history. In a survey conducted in Great Britain, adults and
children were asked 12 simple questions about British history (Sunday
Express, London, 17 March 91, p 12f). If the test was easy, the
results were appalling. 25% of the test persons could not name
Winston Churchill as the Prime Minister who lead England during the War
against Nazi Germany. One woman did not know his name but gave a
fair description instead: 'A great big bloke'. Unfortunately the
description also applied to the present German Chancellor Kohl and to
General Norman Schwarzkopf. Which Roman General invaded Britain
with the lines 'I came, I saw, I conquered'? One person thought
it was Hitler. Others suggested Brutus and Napoleon. Only
50% had the correct answer: Julius Caesar.
If we know so little about the history of our
own country, how much less do we know about the Arabs, the Muslims,
their relations with the West and with each other! We have just
fought a risky war that seems only to concern other nations. How
can we argue about that with each other, or with people who live nearer
to the area (e.g. Arabs, Turks) if we know nothing about them?
It is useful to know something about how the
other half lives. It is useful to know something about history on
the one hand and present-day reality on the other. It is useful
to know something about a tiny little state, the Switzerland of the
Middle East, which is considered important enough to go to war about -
when there was no war about the Chinese annexation of Tibet (1950), and
no war about the Soviet invasions of Hungary (1956), of Czechoslovakia
(1968) and of Afghanistan (1979).
In this booklet I have brought together from
easily accessible sources, some basic facts about Kuwait and its
history. They have largely been culled from the Encyclopaedia
Britannica, which everybody can read, free of charge, in a public
library. Perhaps that is what you should do. However, they
come from different articles, and it will take you some time to get
together what belongs together in the context of the present crisis.
The Encyclopaedia Britannica facts have then
been supplemented by information from other sources, partly to make
them more complete or up-to-date, partly in order to help you to link
them to facts which some of you might know (e.g. the points about
Mozart and Luther, English and Greek literature etc). These
references and quotations are meant to aid your memory and imagination,
to give you some historical perspective and to appeal to your emotions
in a less simplistic or chauvinist way than media or politicians have
done during the conflict.
Moreover, simply reading the facts in the
compressed form in which they are offered in an Encyclopaedia does not
enable you to remember them or to use them in a conversation. You
will not necessarily become more knowledgeable and more
articulate. The questions and answer form enables you to rehearse
the facts you consider important. I have deliberately included
questions which may be considered trivial (statistics, dates
etc). If you do not like them, omit them. It is easier for
you to cross out an item you do not want than to insert one that is
missing.
It is up to you to draw your own inferences
from the facts and look behind some of the unanswered questions,
which are designed to make you think or read and ask questions.
If you have an opinion and somebody challenges
you with facts, or alleged facts, you cannot know whether he is
knowledgeable or ignorant if you do not have the facts at your
fingertips.
You cannot argue convincingly if all you can
say is 'Wasn't there some sheikh some time ago who did such and such,
..., no not that one, the other, his nephew, no I mean his uncle, well
you know what I mean, the great big bloke with the moustache'.
Much popular discussion about the Gulf War has been at this
level. As so often in history, the person with the louder voice
or the more aggressive manner, i.e. the 'stronger' person or the bully,
wins, even if he does not have a clue.
Since this war was partly about bullying, the
discussion about it should not be dominated by bullies. You
therefore should prepare yourself. This book does not pretend to
go to any depth but it gives you the most primitive tools of
discussion, bare facts and a few excursions to give you some
perspective.
Perhaps it raises more questions than it
answers. That would be very desirable, not least to help you
check your own euphoria. Libraries and book shops can help you
find the answers to the unanswered questions. You may, for
example, find it useful to look at a map of all the major states in the
Middle East, especially those which were threatened or attacked during
this Gulf War. For each, look at its boundaries in 1918.
Then check if these boundaries have changed since then. If they
have changed (and that means especially 'expanded'), find out if any
territories gained during that time were empty or if there were
residents (as there were in Kuwait). How long had these residents
been living in their villages and towns? Were they consulted when
a new power took control? How many of them are still in their
former towns? How many left? Why exactly did they
leave? Where are they now?
Through incessant television and radio
reporting, we had a vivid picture of this war. It would be useful
also to have a vivid picture of the past. This little booklet
cannot even begin to answer any of these questions. But you will
be a wiser and more compassionate person if you at least start asking
these questions.
1.2 How can you use this book?
Some questions have been
formulated to mislead you (until you see the answer). We may ask
for dates of something that never happened. This has been done to
increase the challenge to you and to make sure we do not give away the
answer by the fact that we are asking a question about it.
1 Read the questions and
answers once, to get some general information. Then test yourself
and see how much you can remember after one reading.
2 Try to learn those facts or
quotations which you think are worth knowing. Leave out those
which you find useless. Different people have different needs and
interests.
3 Take a piece of cardboard
and slide it down each page of the book. Cover the answer to the
first question. Try to answer the question without
cheating. If you do not know the answer, guess first. Test
your present degree of knowledge. In case of the figures
(population, production, heights, areas, etc) guess and see if you get
at least the right order of magnitude. If you don't, be pleased
since it proves that this book can teach you something.
Go through the book repeatedly, testing
yourself on one question after another. Notice how more and more
questions and their answers become familiar to you.
In case of the names, write down your attempted
answers and correct every letter you get wrong. This is like
learning foreign language vocabulary.
You may consider the quantities, the names and
the dates trivial. In a way they are. But so is every brick
of a beautiful cathedral. No bricks, no cathedral.
Each pigment used in a painting is
trivial. Well put together they make a field of sunflowers.
In this Kuwait quiz, you buy the pigments, but you are
the Van Gogh.
Remember, you sound much more convincing, to
yourself and to others, if you can quote dates. And without
dates, you cannot determine what came before and what came after - and
what was simultaneous. It is the detail which makes a story
credible and interesting. Abstractions are not enough.
Without facts no informed discussion is
possible. And facts, in themselves, are necessary.
4 If you still go to school,
you can use the questions and answers like a game, such as Trivial
Pursuit.
Well, this is a non-trivial pursuit. Quiz
each other on the facts, incessantly. That is a pleasant way of
learning them. Get yourself a video tape of Barbra Streisand's
film 'Yentle'. It shows the Polish theology students quizzing
each other incessantly and thus acquiring knowledge and fortifying it
against attack, confusion and forgetting.
Having tried the method with the subject of
Kuwait, you may wish to apply it to other historical subjects.
5 If you are a businessman or
contractor or worker about to go to Kuwait to help with the
reconstruction, turn the questions into a family game. Fire
questions at each other during meals and see who scores most
points.
In a country and in a region whose history and
achievements are so little known and so underrated in the West, and
where Westerners are known for their ignorance, every scrap of
knowledge, information and understanding that you display will be
greatly appreciated and can help to win you personal friends.
If you want to do even better, learn 10, 20, 50
or 100 greetings, words and phrases in Arabic. You can learn
these also in the company, and with the help of, your family. The
effort that you put into learning these phrases will be seen as a sign
of respect for the people among whom you work. They will make
your stay in Kuwait pleasant through their friendliness. The
rewards will be incomparably greater than the small effort required.
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Q1:
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Why is and was a tiny country like
Kuwait so important?
Give three reasons, in historical
sequence.
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A:
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1 Before the arrival of air transport:
Because of its strategic
location, at the furthest end of an long waterway, providing access to
the sea and linking long-distance routes.
2 At the beginning of this century:
Because it played a critical
role in the creation of a huge and important country, Saudi Arabia.
3 Today:
Because of its oil.
(Accordingly, this Quiz will contain special sections
concerned with (1) the Berlin-Baghdad-Kuwait railway project, (2)
the emergence of Saudi Arabia, (3) the discovery of oil in Kuwait.)
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Q2:
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What is the Arabic name of the
State of Kuwait?
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A:
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Dawlat al-Kuwayt.
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Q3:
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Explain the meaning of the word
'Kuwait'.
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A:
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Arabic 'kut' means 'fort'. 'Kuwait' is the
diminutive of 'kut' (as 'kitchenette' is the diminutive of 'kitchen')
and means 'little fort'.
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Q4:
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Kuwait joins the sea. Name
its location (two names).
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A:
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It lies at the Persian Gulf (= Arabian Gulf).
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Q5:
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Why are there two names for this
Gulf?
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A:
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Because on one side is Persia (Iran) and on the other
Arabia (Saudi Arabia).
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Q6:
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Be more precise about the
location. (Wanted: two additional pieces of information)
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A:
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It lies at the (1) upper (2) northwestern corner of the
Persian (Arabian) Gulf.
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Q7:
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The area of Kuwait (in square
miles) is:
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A:
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6,880 square miles.
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Q8:
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The area of Kuwait (in square km)
is:
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A:
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17,818 square km.
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Q9:
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Name the capital of the State of
Kuwait.
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A:
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Kuwait City.
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Q10:
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What is the approximate distance
(in miles) from the northern to the southern border of Kuwait?
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A:
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About 100 miles.
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Q11:
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What is the approximate distance
(in km) from the northern to the southern border of Kuwait?
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A:
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About 160 km.
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Q12:
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What is the approximate distance
(in miles) from the eastern to the western border of Kuwait?
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A:
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90 miles.
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Q13:
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What is the approximate distance
(in km) from the eastern to the western border of Kuwait?
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A:
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140 km.
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Q14:
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Kuwait shares borders with two
neighbours. Which are the neighbours, and in which direction are
their territories?
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A:
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1 Iraq on the west and north
2 Saudi Arabia on the south.
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Q15:
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What is on the eastern front of
Kuwait?
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A:
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The Persian Gulf.
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Q16:
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How large was the population of
Kuwait in 1988 (approximately)?
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A:
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2 million.
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Q17:
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Is Kuwait a mountainous country?
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A:
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It lies on a gently sloping plain.
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Q18:
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What is Kuwait's highest elevation
in feet?
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A:
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951 feet.
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Q19:
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What is Kuwait's highest elevation
in metres?
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A:
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290 metres.
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Q20:
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What is the name of Kuwait's
highest point?
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A:
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Ash-Shaqaya.
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Q21:
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Where is ash-Shaqaya?
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A:
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Near the extreme western border between Iraq and Saudi
Arabia.
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Q22:
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Just north of Kuwait City there is
a bay, Kuwait Bay, which extends inland from the Gulf. How many
miles inland does it extend?
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A:
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30 miles.
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Q23:
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Just north of Kuwait City there is
a bay, Kuwait Bay, which extends inland from the Gulf. How many
km inland does it extend?
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A:
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48 km.
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Q24:
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A geographical feature extends
along the northwestern shore of Kuwait Bay. What is it and what
is its name?
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A:
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It is the Az-Zawr Escarpment.
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Q25:
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How high is the Az-Zawr Escarpment
(in feet)?
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A:
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475 feet.
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Q26:
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How high is the Az-Zawr Escarpment
(in metres)?
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A:
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145 metres.
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Q27:
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What is on the southern shore of
Kuwait Bay (2 items)?
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A:
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1 A natural harbour
2 Kuwait City, the capital of Kuwait
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Q28:
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Is Kuwait very fertile?
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A:
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No, it is largely desert.
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Q29:
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What interrupts the large Kuwaiti
desert (2 items)?
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A:
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1 An oasis
2 A few fertile patches
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Q30:
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What is the name of the oasis?
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A:
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The al-Jahrah Oasis.
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Q31:
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Where is the al-Jahrah Oasis?
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A:
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At the western end of Kuwait Bay.
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Q32:
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Where are the fertile patches?
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A:
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In the southeastern and coastal areas.
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Q33:
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What is the climate like?
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A:
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Semitropical.
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Q34:
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The contrast between summer and
winter is great. What are the average temperatures in summer?
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A:
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111° F (44° C).
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Q35:
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What is the highest summer
temperature?
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A:
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130° F (54° C).
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Q36:
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What are the average temperatures
in winter?
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A:
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61° F (16° C) in the coolest months.
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Q37:
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Is there any rain in summer?
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A:
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Virtually none. Whatever rain there is falls in
winter.
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Q38:
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What is the annual rainfall?
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A:
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1 to 7 inches (25 to 180 mm).
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Q39:
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Where does that rain go?
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A:
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It fills the desert basins with fresh water.
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Q40:
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What is another name for these
desert basins (temporary lakes)?
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A:
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The playas.
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Q41:
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In which parts of Kuwait are the
playas to be found?
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A:
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In the north, west, and centre of the country.
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Q42:
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Who depends on the rainwater in
the playas?
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A:
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The nomads and their herd.
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Q43:
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Is Kuwait windy?
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A:
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Yes, there are frequent winds and dust storms.
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Q44:
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When do most of the dust storms
occur?
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A:
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In June and July.
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Q45:
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How much agricultural soil is
there?
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A:
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Virtually none.
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Q46:
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What are Kuwait's natural
resources?
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A:
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Petroleum and natural-gas fields.
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Q47:
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Kuwait's estimated reserves of
petroleum represent which percent of global reserves?
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A:
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Almost 13 %.
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Q48:
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Which country has the greatest
petroleum reserves in the world?
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A:
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Saudi Arabia.
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Q49:
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Where does Kuwait rank in this
respect?
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A:
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Immediately after Saudi Arabia?
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Q50:
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Kuwait's estimated reserves of
natural gas represent which percent of global reserves?
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A:
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Almost 1 %.
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Q51:
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Kuwait's population belongs mostly
to which race?
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A:
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It is is overwhelmingly Arab.
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Q52:
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Kuwait's population consists of
native Kuwaitis and of foreigners. What percentage of Kuwait's
population consists of native Kuwaitis?
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A:
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Only 40% (= two fifths).
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Q53:
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Foreigners living in Kuwait
consist of Arabs and non-Arabs. Where do the non-Arabs come from?
Name the two most prominent
non-Arab countries of origin.
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A:
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India and Pakistan.
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Q54:
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Who are the most important Arab
foreigners in Kuwait?
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A:
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Palestinians.
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Q55:
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Are all Palestinians in Kuwait
menial workers?
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A:
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No, many are teachers, journalists and administrators.
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Q56:
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Why are there so many Palestinians
in Kuwait?
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A:
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Because they were expelled from their homeland.
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Q57:
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Describe the three stages of
Palestinian immigration into Kuwait.
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A:
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1 A small trickle of Palestinians
entered Kuwait in the 1930s. At the same time an increasing
number of Jewish immigrants were allowed into, or encouraged to come
to, Palestine.
2 When, in 1948, the State of Israel
was established in Palestine territory, a huge number of Palestinians
were driven from their homeland and became refugees in other Arab
countries. Many of them came to Kuwait in search for a home and
work.
3 During the 1967 Arab-Israeli war,
Israel occupied further Palestinian territory, causing a new flood of
refugees to leave their country. 200,000 of them came to
Kuwait. After that immigration restrictions were imposed.
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Q58:
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Where did the loyalties of the
Palestinians lie during the 1990/91 Kuwait conflict,
- with Kuwait (which gave them a home and livelihood)
- or with
Iraq (which appeared to some of them capable
. of hurting the
enemy of their homeland (Israel)
. or of putting
pressure on Israel to give them part of their homeland back)?
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A:
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The Palestinians were in a tragic dilemma, with reason
and emotions, gratitude and hope pointing in different
directions. (Reason: Could Iraq really be useful to them?
Emotion: Israel's enemy is my friend. Gratitude to Kuwait for
giving them refuge. Hope for a return to their homeland.)
The international Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat
expressed support for Saddam Hussein, and so did many Palestinians in
the territories occupied by Israel.
The emotional post-war chaos in Kuwait may make it
difficult to assess the behaviour of Palestinians in Kuwait
objectively. Unfortunately they are now under suspicion.
They have doubly suffered: not only has their first
home, Palestine, been devastated but also their second home, Kuwait.
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Q59:
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Are the Palestinians unique in the
dilemma of finding it difficult to decide whom to support?
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A:
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No, this is the stuff which tragedies are made of.
For years, the Americans supported Saddam Hussein in his war against
Iran. They might not have liked either regime, but Saddam's
seemed the lesser of two evils. And if equally evil, the
explanation might have been: 'He may be a thug, but he is our thug.'
Was it outrageous that the Americans supported
Iraq? Was it outrageous that some Palestinians supported
Iraq? Or was it, with the benefit of hindsight, merely a mistake.
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Q60:
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Apart from the Palestinians, list
the other important Arab foreigners in Kuwait in alphabetical order.
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A:
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- Egyptians
- Iraqis
- Lebanese
- Syrians
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Q61:
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What percentage of the population
of Kuwait consists of Arab foreigners?
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A:
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50%
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Q62:
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What is the main religion of
Kuwait's population (natives and foreigners)?
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A:
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Islam.
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Q63:
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What percentage of Kuwait's
inhabitants (natives and foreigners) adheres to Islam?
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A:
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More than 90 percent.
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Q64:
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What is the official language of
Kuwait?
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A:
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Arabic.
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Q65:
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Name two other languages which are
also widely spoken in Kuwait.
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A:
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Persian and English.
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Q66:
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The sexes are not well-balanced in
Kuwait. Are there more men or more women?
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A:
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There are significantly more men.
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Q67:
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Why do men outnumber women?
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A:
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Because there are so many male foreign workers.
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Q68:
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Where do most of the people live,
in the city or in the country-side?
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A:
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In the city.
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Q69:
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Can you immigrate into Kuwait and,
after a while, acquire Kuwaiti citizenship?
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A:
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No.
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Q70:
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If you are born in England, of
whatever parents, you automatically acquire British Citizenship.
If you are born, in whatever country, of German parents, you are
automatically entitled to German citizenship.
If you are born in Kuwait of
non-Kuwaiti parents, are you entitled to Kuwaiti citizenship?
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A:
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No.
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Q71:
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Who can have Kuwaiti
citizenship? Name two categories of people.
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A:
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- Native Kuwaitis
- People who can prove Kuwaiti
ancestry from before 1920
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Q72:
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Name a country in Europe which,
like Kuwait, is very small, very prosperous and into which many people
would like to immigrate, and which also, to protect its indigenous
population from change, makes it very difficult for foreigners and
their descendants to acquire its nationality.
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A:
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Switzerland
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Q73:
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Is the Kuwaiti economy privately
owned or government owned?
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A:
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The economy is mixed, i.e. it is partly government-owned
and partly private enterprise.
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Q74:
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How great is the gross national
product (GNP) per capita compared with other countries in the world?
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A:
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It is one of the highest.
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Q75:
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What is the greater cause of
population increase, births or immigration?
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A:
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Immigration.
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Q76:
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What is growing faster, the GNP or
the population?
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A:
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The population.
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Q77:
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List three activities which are
most important for the GNP.
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A:
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1 Crude petroleum production
2 Natural-gas production
3 Refining
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Q78:
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While other oil-producing
countries used their oil revenue primarily to build up industries in
their own country, Kuwait concentrated on investing its oil revenue in
foreign countries and companies.
Compare the size of Kuwait's
income from oil and from investments before Iraq's invasion.
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A:
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However large its income from oil, before the invasion,
Kuwait received more income from investments than from oil.
(In view of Iraq's systematic destruction of Kuwaiti
property inside Kuwait, this was an unexpectedly fortunate situation,
since, by its destruction, Iraq could deprive Kuwait of at most half
its income.)
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Q79:
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How important is agriculture in
Kuwait?
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A:
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It is a marginal economic activity and contributes
little to the GNP.
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Q80:
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There is little arable land in
Kuwait. How is it irrigated?
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A:
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- From recycled wastewater
- From brackish groundwater
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Q81:
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What is grown on Kuwait's arable
land?
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A:
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- Garden produce
- Livestock feed
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Q82:
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The government operates an
experimental farm. Where is it?
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A:
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At Omariyah.
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Q83:
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What is being used in that farm?
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A:
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- Plastic greenhouses
- Hydroponic systems
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Q84:
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What are hydroponic systems?
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A:
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A method of cultivating plants by growing them in
gravel, etc, through which water containing dissolved inorganic
nutrient salts is pumped.
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Q85:
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What percentage of land is covered
by pastures?
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A:
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Less than 8%.
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Q86:
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What sort of farm animals are kept?
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A:
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- Sheep
- Goats
- Cattle
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Q87:
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What do fishermen in the Persian
Gulf produce for the local market?
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A:
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Silver pomfret.
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Q88:
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What are pomfret?
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A:
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Pomfret are fish of the genus Stomateoides, which are
common in the Indian and Pacific oceans.
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Q89:
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What are the two types of pomfret?
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A:
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Black pomfret and white pomfret.
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Q90:
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What is the name for white pomfret
when they are young?
|
|
A:
|
Silver pomfret.
|
|
Q91:
|
What is the name for white pomfret
when they are old?
|
|
A:
|
Grey pomfret.
|
|
Q92:
|
What is the origin of the name
'pomfret'?
|
|
A:
|
'Pomfret' comes from the Portuguese.
|
|
Q93:
|
Why do fish in the Persian Gulf
have a Portuguese name?
|
|
A:
|
Because the Portuguese were the first Europeans in
fairly modern times to establish settlements on the shores of the
Persian Gulf.
|
|
Q94:
|
When did the Portuguese first come
to the Persian Gulf?
|
|
A:
|
About 1600 A.D.
|
|
Q95:
|
What do fishermen in the Persian
Gulf produce for export?
|
|
A:
|
Prawns and shrimp.
|
|
Q96:
|
Are these prawns and shrimp
exported fresh?
|
|
A:
|
They are frozen.
|
|
Q97:
|
What percentage of GNP comes from
manufacturing?
|
|
A:
|
8%.
|
|
Q98:
|
What percentage of the labour
force is employed in manufacturing?
|
|
A:
|
8%.
|
|
Q99:
|
What are the main manufactured
products? List eight.
|
|
A:
|
1 Various petroleum products
2 Plastics
3 Cement
4 Ceramic and asbestos products
5 Metal pipes
6 Electric cables and dry-cell
batteries
7 Furniture
8 Woolen blankets
|
|
Q100:
|
Name the two major industrial
parks in Kuwait.
|
|
A:
|
- Ash-Shu'aybah industrial park
- Mina' Abdullah industrial park
|
|
Q101:
|
How is electricity produced?
|
|
A:
|
By thermal power plants.
|
|
Q102:
|
Describe the policy for Kuwait's
economic development since the 1970s.
|
|
A:
|
Vertical integration of its oil industry by expanding
its refining, shipping, and marketing capabilities.
|
|
Q103:
|
Certain industries are exclusively
owned by the government. Name them.
|
|
A:
|
- All petroleum, natural-gas, and
derivative industries
- Electrical-generation plants
- Desalination plants
|
|
Q104:
|
What kinds of companies are owned
by the private sector?
|
|
A:
|
- Building-materials companies
- Construction companies
- Trade companies
- Finance companies
|
|
Q105:
|
Since the late 1970s the
government has favoured the development of certain industries.
Define them.
|
|
A:
|
- Petroleum- and natural-gas-related
industries
- Other low-pollution industries that
require minimum labour
|
|
Q106:
|
Why are these industries favoured?
|
|
A:
|
Because the government wants to decrease the expatriate
work force.
|
|
Q107:
|
Why does the Kuwaiti government
want to decrease the expatriate work force?
|
|
A:
|
Because it accounts for about two-thirds of the
country's total labour force.
|
|
Q108:
|
Kuwait has a generous social
program for its citizens. It has also spent much on developing
its industries.
How great were the budgetary
deficits required for financing these programmes?
|
|
A:
|
No budgetary deficits were necessary. The program
was financed from Kuwait's large petroleum revenues.
|
|
Q109:
|
Which percentage of jobs in Kuwait
are in public administration, defence, and services sectors?
|
|
A:
|
Almost 50 percent.
|
|
Q110:
|
Which percentage of jobs in Kuwait
are in construction?
|
|
A:
|
20 percent.
|
|
Q111:
|
When did Kuwait for the first time
experience a budget deficit?
|
|
A:
|
In 1982-83.
|
|
Q112:
|
What was the reason for the budget
deficit of 1982-83?
|
|
A:
|
Petroleum revenues declined.
|
|
Q113:
|
List the five major items of
government expenditures.
|
|
A:
|
1 Wages and salaries
2 Construction and expropriations
3 Expenditures for goods and services
4 The reserve fund for future
generations
5 Transport equipment
|
|
Q114:
|
What percentage of government
expenditure is for wages and salaries?
|
|
A:
|
25%.
|
|
Q115:
|
What percentage of government
expenditure is for construction and expropriations?
|
|
A:
|
25%.
|
|
Q116:
|
How many mud roads are there in
Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
Virtually all of Kuwait's roads are paved.
|
|
Q117:
|
Which are the main ports?
Name two which are situated on the mainland.
|
|
A:
|
- Ash-Shu'waykh
- Ash-Shu'aybah
|
|
Q118:
|
Name the main oil port.
|
|
A:
|
Mina' al-Ahmadi.
|
|
Q119:
|
Where is Mina' al-Ahmadi located?
|
|
A:
|
It is located offshore.
|
|
Q120:
|
What government regulations are
there for shipping petroleum exports?
|
|
A:
|
All petroleum exports must be shipped on Kuwaiti
tankers.
|
|
Q121:
|
What is conveyed in most of the
pipelines?
|
|
A:
|
Crude petroleum.
|
|
Q122:
|
What are Kuwait's main exports?
|
|
A:
|
- Crude petroleum
- Natural gas
- Refined-petroleum products
|
|
Q123:
|
To which countries does Kuwait
sell its products?
|
|
A:
|
- To Japan
- To Italy
- To the United States
- To Germany
|
|
Q124:
|
What goods does Kuwait import?
|
|
A:
|
- Machinery and transport equipment
- Basic manufactures
- Food
- Live animals
|
|
Q125:
|
Where do these imports come from?
|
|
A:
|
- From Japan
- From the United States
- From Germany
- From the United Kingdom
|
|
Q126:
|
What is Kuwait's form of
government?
|
|
A:
|
Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy.
|
|
Q127:
|
Name a country in Europe which is
also a constitutional monarchy?
|
|
A:
|
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
|
|
Q128:
|
Which family governs Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
The Sabah family (Al Sabah).
|
|
Q129:
|
Is the Kuwaiti head of state a
'King'?
|
|
A:
|
He is called 'Emir'.
|
|
Q130:
|
Give the linguistic derivation of
the word 'emir'.
|
|
A:
|
The original word is Arabic 'amir' = 'commander'.
It passed from Arabic into Spanish (around 1300 A.D.)
and later from Spanish into French.
In the 17th century it passed from French into English.
|
|
Q131:
|
An English dictionary gives three
related meanings for the word 'emir'.
Quote them.
|
|
A:
|
- An independent ruler or chieftain
- A military commander or governor
- A descendant of the Prophet Mohammed
|
|
Q132:
|
When did the British Government
give full independence to Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
In June 1961.
|
|
Q133:
|
When was Kuwait's present
constitution adopted?
|
|
A:
|
In 1962.
|
|
Q134:
|
Who, according to the
constitution, chooses the Emir?
|
|
A:
|
The ruling family.
|
|
Q135:
|
How does the Emir exercise his
power?
|
|
A:
|
Through an appointed Prime Minister and Council of
Ministers.
|
|
Q136:
|
Name the two chambers which
constitute Kuwait's legislature.
|
|
A:
|
There is only one chamber, the National Assembly.
|
|
Q137:
|
The National Assembly has not
always worked without trouble. What was the result?
|
|
A:
|
The Emir reluctantly suspended the National Assembly and
the Constitution on two occasions.
|
|
Q138:
|
When was the first time the
National Assembly was dissolved?
|
|
A:
|
In 1976.
|
|
Q139:
|
When was the second time the
National Assembly was dissolved?
|
|
A:
|
Ten years later, in 1986.
|
|
Q140:
|
What were the causes of the 1976
suspension of the constitution?
|
|
A:
|
The country had been divided into ten
constituencies. Each deputy represented a narrow range of
interests peculiar to his electors and liable to be incompatible with
those of other constituencies.
It was therefore difficult for the Assembly to agree on
any of the measures which the government thought necessary.
In brief, the Assembly was 'factional and
disruptive' (Mansfield, p 106 f; look there for more detailed
information on the constitutional problems.)
|
|
Q141:
|
Which were the major interest
groups in Kuwait? Name four.
|
|
A:
|
1 The merchants
2 The new middle class
3 The beduins
4 The Shia (shiites)
|
|
Q142:
|
When the Emir dissolved the
National Assembly in 1976, he promised to revise the constitution in
the light of experience and to hold new elections within four years.
How long did the Kuwaiti citizens
have to wait for these elections?
|
|
A:
|
Four years, as promised. A new National Assembly
started work in 1981.
|
|
Q143:
|
Name a European country which,
when it first tried its hands at democracy, suffered from a
constitution which allowed too many splinter parties and which became
virtually ungovernable because the parties in parliament could not
agree.
|
|
A:
|
Germany, under the 'Weimar constitution', before Hitler
came to power in 1933.
|
|
Q144:
|
The Kuwait National Assembly was
dissolved for a second time in 1986. This was, at least partly,
caused by events emanating from another country. Which was the
country?
|
|
A:
|
Iran.
|
|
Q145:
|
A few years earlier one ruler in
Iran was ousted and another took his place. Name the people
concerned and give the year.
|
|
A:
|
In 1979, the Shah of Iran was ousted and the Ayatollah
Khomeini came to power.
|
|
Q146:
|
In the same year, Iraq's president
was pushed aside by a much younger man. Who was the new president?
|
|
A:
|
Saddam Hussein.
|
|
Q147:
|
Soon after, war broke out between
Iraq and Iran. When did this happen.
|
|
A:
|
In 1980, one year after the Ayatollah Khomeini and
Saddam Hussein had assumed the highest office in their countries.
|
|
Q148:
|
It is very easy to remember the
starting date, the duration and the finishing date of the Iran-Iraq
war, since they are all associated with one digit. Explain.
|
|
A:
|
The digit is 8. The war started in 1980, it lasted
for eight years and ended on 8 August 1988 (i.e. 8.8.88).
|
|
Q149:
|
Kuwait did not participate in the
Iran-Iraq war but it generously supported one side. Which?
|
|
A:
|
Kuwait supported Iraq.
|
|
Q150:
|
What has Kuwait's support for Iraq
to do with the second
suspension of the constitution?
|
|
A:
|
As from 1983 there were many terrorist incidents in
Kuwait, pipelines were blown up, bombs exploded in Kuwait city, a
Kuwaiti aircraft was hijacked to Teheran, and Iranian troops occupied
the Faw peninsula near the Kuwait border.
The cabinet was strongly attacked in parliament and
eventually resigned, saying that it was unable to govern. This
led to the second suspension of the constitution and the National
Assembly.
|
|
Q151:
|
Name the two main political
parties of Kuwait.
|
|
A:
|
There are none. Kuwaiti law prohibits political
parties.
|
|
Q152:
|
Who has the highest judicial
authority?
|
|
A:
|
The High Court of Appeal.
|
|
Q153:
|
Does Islamic religious law have a
function in Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
Yes, it governs matters of civil and personal status
law.
|
|
Q154:
|
What does the social-welfare
system provide for needy Kuwaitis?
|
|
A:
|
Financial assistance and comfortable housing.
|
|
Q155:
|
What does the social-welfare
system provide for all employed citizens?
|
|
A:
|
Benefits for
- work injury
- old age
- disability
|
|
Q156:
|
In Kuwait's social welfare system,
how does medical care for Kuwaiti citizens differ from that for foreign
residents?
|
|
A:
|
Medical care at low cost is provided for all residents,
regardless of nationality.
|
|
Q157:
|
Is there a shortage of doctors in
Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
No, Kuwait has a high ratio of doctors per capita.
|
|
Q158:
|
Life expectancy in Kuwait is high
by the standards of the region. What is the life expectancy for
men?
|
|
A:
|
68 years.
|
|
Q159:
|
What is the life expectancy for
women?
|
|
A:
|
73 years.
|
|
Q160:
|
There is one serious problem in
relation to life expectancy. What is it?
|
|
A:
|
Relatively high infant mortality.
|
|
Q161:
|
In Kuwait's education system, how
does provision for Kuwaiti citizens differ from that for foreign
residents?
|
|
A:
|
Education for native Kuwaitis (but not for foreigners)
at all school levels is free.
|
|
Q162:
|
Is education compulsory?
|
|
A:
|
It is compulsory for native Kuwaitis between the ages of
6 and 14 years.
|
|
Q163:
|
Where do non-Kuwaiti students
study?
|
|
A:
|
They attend government schools as space permits or
attend private schools.
|
|
Q164:
|
What is the literacy rate
(percentage) among adults (Kuwaitis and foreigners) in Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
More than 75%.
|
|
Q165:
|
How many institutions of higher
learning are there in Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
Only Kuwait University.
|
|
Q166:
|
When was Kuwait University founded?
|
|
A:
|
In 1962.
|
|
Q167:
|
How many students are there at
Kuwait University?
|
|
A:
|
17,000 students.
|
|
Q168:
|
How many graduates of Kuwait
University are women?
|
|
A:
|
More than 50%.
|
|
Q169:
|
Who owns the Kuwait press?
|
|
A:
|
It is privately owned.
|
|
Q170:
|
How many newspapers were there in
Kuwait before the invasion?
|
|
A:
|
- Seven dailies (5 Arabic, 2 English)
- Six weeklies
(Note: This is a large number for such a small
population.)
|
|
Q171:
|
How much press censorship is there?
|
|
A:
|
The press is generally free from censorship.
|
|
Q172:
|
There are some limitations to the
freedom of the press. The Council of Ministers has the right to
suspend newspapers for certain acts. Which?
|
|
A:
|
Newspapers can be suspended if they criticise
- the Emir
- or the Kuwaiti economy.
|
|
Q173:
|
There is a Ministry of
Information. What does it do in relation to the media?
|
|
A:
|
It runs
- the government press
- and the radio and television
broadcasting stations.
|
|
Q174:
|
Is the Kuwaiti system of
government universally acknowledged as being ideal in every respect?
|
|
A:
|
No, there is an opposition which is pressing for the
revival of the constitution and for more democracy.
|
|
Q175:
|
What is the name for the
pilgrimage to Mecca, which every Muslim must undertake at least once in
his life?
|
|
A:
|
The Hajj.
|
|
Q176:
|
In which country is Mecca situated?
|
|
A:
|
In Saudi Arabia.
|
|
Q177:
|
Kuwait borders on Saudi
Arabia. What is its function for some of the pilgrims bound for
Mecca?
|
|
A:
|
It serves as a transit point.
|
|
Q178:
|
Where does Kuwait provide for the
welfare of pilgrims on the Hajj?
|
|
A:
|
In a place called "Pilgrim's City".
|
|
Q179:
|
What does Kuwait's Pilgrim's City
offer the pilgrims?
|
|
A:
|
- Board
- Lodging
- Essential services
|
|
Q180:
|
Mention some traditional and
modern sports and entertainments found and practised in Kuwait.
|
|
A:
|
- Desert hunting
- Camel racing
- Football
- Sailing
- Theatre
- 'Opera and ballet' (Kuwaiti themes)
|
|
Q181:
|
Where have most archaeological
remains of Kuwait's history been found?
|
|
A:
|
On Faylakah Island.
|
|
Q182:
|
Where is Faylakah Island situated?
|
|
A:
|
In Kuwait Bay.
|
|
Q183:
|
Ancient Kuwait was part of an
early civilization which was contemporary with two other well-known
civilisations.
Name these two civilisations.
|
|
A:
|
- The civilisation of Sumeria
- The Indus Valley civilisation
|
|
Q184:
|
Give an approximate date (in
thousands of years) for the Sumerian and Indus Valley civilisations,
and hence for the early Kuwaiti civilisation.
|
|
A:
|
3000 B.C.
|
|
Q185:
|
Where did the Sumerians live?
|
|
A:
|
In the area later known as Mesopotamia and now as Iraq,
i.e. in an area adjacent to present-day Kuwait.
|
|
Q186:
|
Faylakah Island had close trading
connections in two directions. Describe them.
|
|
A:
|
- The cities of Mesopotamia (north)
- The trading centre of Dilmun (south)
|
|
Q187:
|
Which modern location is thought
to be identical with Dilmun?
|
|
A:
|
Bahrain.
|
|
Q188:
|
When did Faylakah Island disappear
from the historical record?
|
|
A:
|
About 1200 B.C.
|
|
Q189:
|
Who were the first European
colonists to arrive on Faylakah Island?
|
|
A:
|
Greeks.
|
|
Q190:
|
What did the Greeks build on
Faylakah Island?
|
|
A:
|
A temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis.
|
|
Q191:
|
During whose time did the Greek
colonists arrive?
|
|
A:
|
During the time of Alexander the Great.
|
|
Q192:
|
When did Alexander the Great die?
|
|
A:
|
In 323 B.C.
|
|
Q193:
|
Which Arabic country did Alexander
the Great conquer in 331 B.C.?
|
|
A:
|
Egypt.
|
|
Q194:
|
Which Egyptian city is named after
Alexander the Great?
|
|
A:
|
Alexandria.
|
|
Q195:
|
Did the territory of present-day
Kuwait ever belong to Alexander's empire?
|
|
A:
|
It seems so. Mesopotamia (now Iraq) was part of
Alexander's empire. Alexander returned from India by land along
the coast of Persia and his fleet followed the same coast to the mouth
of the River Euphrates (Iraq). This was close to Kuwait.
After the breakup of Alexander's empire, Faylakah Island passed to its
successor in that region.
|
|
Q196:
|
After the death of Alexander the
Great, his empire broke up into four parts. Name them.
|
|
A:
|
1 The empire of Seleucus (one of
Alexander's generals)
2 The empire of Ptolemy
3 The empire of Cassander
4 The empire of Lysimachus
|
|
Q197:
|
Give an indication of the location
of the empire of Seleucus.
|
|
A:
|
His empire contained Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria and a
piece of Asia Minor.
|
|
Q198:
|
Give an indication of the location
of the empire of Ptolemy.
|
|
A:
|
His empire contained Egypt, present-day Palestine,
Cyprus and a piece of Asia Minor.
|
|
Q199:
|
Give an indication of the location
of the empire of Cassander.
|
|
A:
|
His empire contained Greece and Macedonia.
|
|
Q200:
|
Give an indication of the location
of the empire of Lysimachus.
|
|
A:
|
His empire contained parts of what is today Bulgaria and
Turkey.
|
|
Q201:
|
When did Faylakah Island become
less important.
|
|
A:
|
During Roman times.
|
|
Q202:
|
A tribe of central Arabia (west of
Kuwait) came to the area and founded Kuwait City. What was the
name of that tribe?
|
|
A:
|
The Anizah tribe.
|
|
Q203:
|
When approximately did the
Anizah tribe found Kuwait City?
|
|
A:
|
At the beginning of the 18th century.
|
|
Q204:
|
Why did the Anizah tribe come to
the Kuwait area?
|
|
A:
|
They were in search for better pasture and water.
|
|
Q205:
|
In which year was Kuwait City
founded, as the date is traditionally given?
|
|
A:
|
1710
|
|
Q206:
|
When was the autonomous sheikhdom
of Kuwait founded?
|
|
A:
|
In 1756.
|
|
Q207:
|
A famous composer was born in
1756. He wrote an opera about the attempt of an Englishman to
rescue his wife from a Turkish harem and a piano sonata with
mock-Turkish music ('A la Turca'). What was the composer's name
and the opera with the Turkish plot?
|
|
A:
|
Composer: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Opera: Die Entführung aus dem Serail
(= Rescue from the Harem), known in English as 'The Seraglio' (=
Harem). First performed in 1782.
|
|
Q208:
|
Who became Sheikh of Kuwait in
1756?
|
|
A:
|
Abd Rahim of the Al Sabah family.
|
|
Q209:
|
Which family rules Kuwait today
(1991)?
|
|
A:
|
Still the same family, the Sabah family.
|
|
Q210:
|
When did European powers start
taking an interest in Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
In the late 19th century.
|
|
Q211:
|
Which European project affected
Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
The building of the Berlin-Baghdad railway.
|
|
Q212:
|
What has the Berlin-Baghdad
railway to do with Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
The Berlin-Baghdad railway was to be extended to Kuwait.
|
|
Q213:
|
The projected Berlin-Kuwait
railway would have been a competitor to another feat of 19th century
transport engineering. Which?
|
|
A:
|
The Suez Canal.
|
|
Q214:
|
When was the Suez Canal completed?
|
|
A:
|
In 1869.
|
|
Q215:
|
When did Germany (the Deutsche
Bank, to be more precise) take its first steps on the way towards the
Berlin-Baghdad railway?
|
|
A:
|
In 1888, when the Deutsche Bank was granted a concession
to extend the existing line to Ankara. This extension was
completed in 1896.
|
|
Q216:
|
Who controlled the Suez Canal at
that time (1896)?
|
|
A:
|
Great Britain.
|
|
Q217:
|
Was Great Britain at that time
worried about the German project?
|
|
A:
|
No.
|
|
Q218:
|
Which two countries were jointly
responsible for the Baghdad railway project?
|
|
A:
|
Germany and the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.
|
|
Q219:
|
What was the economic significance
of the proposed railway extension? Give four alternative
formulations of the same point.
|
|
A:
|
1 It would have connected the North
Sea (or the Baltic) by land with the Persian Gulf, and thence by ship
to India and the Far East.
2 It would have connected the
Mediterranean Sea by land with the Persian Gulf.
3 Its function would have been similar
that of the Suez Canal, i.e. cutting out the long sea route round
Africa.
4 'It threatened the monopoly
previously held by the sea route between Europe, the middle east and
India.'
|
|
Q220:
|
In 1890 (i.e. exactly a hundred
years before Iraq's 1990 invasion of Kuwait), a German team arrived in
Kuwait. Who were the members of that team?
|
|
A:
|
- The German Consul-General at
Constantinople (capital of the Turkish Empire)
- Railway engineers
- The German military attache at
Constantinople
|
|
Q221:
|
What did the German team do?
|
|
A:
|
- They carried out a survey of the
route to be traversed by the Baghdad railway to the Persian gulf.
- They visited the Sheikh of Kuwait
and asked if they could buy a site for the terminus of the Baghdad
railway and lease a larger area around it.
|
|
Q222:
|
Did the Sheikh grant their request?
|
|
A:
|
No. This would have been a breach of his treaty
with Britain.
|
|
Q223:
|
What was Germany's next move?
|
|
A:
|
They incited their ally, Turkey, to seize Kuwait.
|
|
Q224:
|
Was Sheikh Mubarak strong enough
to resist a Turkish attack?
|
|
A:
|
No, he had just been defeated by Najd (now Saudi
Arabia). (See Question 262 below.)
|
|
Q225:
|
What did the Turks do?
|
|
A:
|
They sent a warship with troops into Kuwait Bay.
|
|
Q226:
|
How were the Turks received in
Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
A British cruiser had arrived before them and threatened
to open fire on the Turkish ship if the Turks tried to land.
|
|
Q227:
|
There were two further attempts by
Germany to obtain greater influence in Kuwait. Which was the
first?
|
|
A:
|
Sheikh Mubarak's nephews tried to seize Kuwait City by
armed force. Under German influence the Turks connived at this
attempt.
|
|
Q228:
|
Were Sheikh Mubarak's nephews
successful?
|
|
A:
|
No, British ships came to the Sheikh's aid.
|
|
Q229:
|
Which was the second attempt of
Germany to realise the railway scheme with Turkish help?
|
|
A:
|
In 1902 Turkey established military posts at Umm Qasr
and on Bubiyan island in order to enable Germany to build the terminal
in or near Umm Qasr.
|
|
Q230:
|
Was the plan successful?
|
|
A:
|
No, the British prevented it.
|
|
Q231:
|
Was present-day Iraq (and its
capital Baghdad) an independent country at the end of the 19th century?
|
|
A:
|
It was part of the Ottoman Empire.
|
|
Q232:
|
Was Kuwait ever part of the
Ottoman Empire?
|
|
A:
|
Only in a vague sense. In practice, the Ottomans
never exercised close control over it.
|
|
Q233:
|
Describe the relations between
Kuwait and the Turkish Empire in the first half of the 19th century?
|
|
A:
|
'In those days Kuwait, like other small States on the
fringes of the then far-flung Turkish Empire, often paid only nominal
allegiance to the Sultan. The Sheikh sometimes recognized Turkish
suzerainty by the payment of tribute, but there were times when these
payments were discontinued and independence was almost complete'
(Lockart, p 266).
|
|
Q234:
|
At one time, Kuwait received a
visit from the Governor of one of the Turkish provinces. What was
his name, and where did he rule?
|
|
A:
|
He was Midhat Pasha, the Governor of Baghdad.
|
|
Q235:
|
When did Midhat Pasha visit Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
In 1871.
|
|
Q236:
|
What was the purpose of Midhat
Pasha's visit to Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
He was on his way to Najd under the pretext of assisting
an opponent of the Saud family (ancestors of the famous King Ibn
Saud). In fact he wanted to extend the Sultan's authority in
Arabia.
|
|
Q237:
|
What is Najd?
|
|
A:
|
A large territory, forming the eastern part of the Arab
peninsula (now Saudi Arabia).
|
|
Q238:
|
Did Kuwait try to prevent Midhat
Pasha's military expedition into Najd?
|
|
A:
|
No, Kuwait let Midhat Pasha's tribal supporters pass
through its territory and supplied 300 boats to transport his regular
forces.
|
|
Q239:
|
Midhat Pasha conferred a title on
the Sheikh of Kuwait. What was that title?
|
|
A:
|
Qaim-Maqam (Deputy Governor) of Kuwait.
|
|
Q240:
|
In what relation did that put the
Sheikh to the Governor?
|
|
A:
|
It made the Sheikh Deputy to the Governor of Baghdad.
|
|
Q241:
|
What did the acceptance of this
title mean in respect of Kuwait's relations to the Ottoman Empire?
|
|
A:
|
It constituted the Sheikh's acknowledgement of Turkish
suzerainty.
|
|
Q242:
|
Did Turkey exercise its nominal
authority in the Persian Gulf.
|
|
A:
|
No, it remained as nebulous as before.
|
|
Q243:
|
In 1896 a new ruler came to power
in Kuwait. What was his name?
|
|
A:
|
Sheikh Mubarak.
|
|
Q244:
|
Sheikh Mubarak took measures to
raise revenue for the state by imposing a customs duty on all goods
entering his state. Was this duty also imposed on goods coming
from Turkish ports?
|
|
A:
|
Yes.
|
|
Q245:
|
Why does it matter whether or not
goods from Turkish ports were subject to customs duty?
|
|
A:
|
This duty implied that Kuwait was not part of the
Turkish empire.
|
|
Q246:
|
Sheikh Mubarak made an unwise move
which endangered Kuwait's independence such as it was. What did
he do?
|
|
A:
|
Like his grandfather, he accepted the office of
Qaim-Maqam from the Turkish government.
|
|
Q247:
|
When did Sheikh Mubarak accept the
office of Qaim-Maqam?
|
|
A:
|
In 1897.
|
|
Q248:
|
Sheikh Mubarak soon had cause to
regret his acceptance of the Turkish title. Why?
|
|
A:
|
The Turks sent a quarantine inspector to Kuwait and
showed other signs of firmly establishing their authority there.
|
|
Q249:
|
How did Sheikh Mubarak try to
protect himself against complete absorption into Turkey?
|
|
A:
|
He asked for British protection.
|
|
Q250:
|
Did the British give him that
protection.
|
|
A:
|
No, they urged him to remain under Turkish
suzerainty. A year later, they refused a second request for
protection.
|
|
Q251:
|
Eventually, the British changed
their mind. Why?
|
|
A:
|
They feared Russian intrusion.
|
|
Q252:
|
What had the Russians done to
arouse that fear?
|
|
A:
|
The Russian Count Kapnist tried to obtain a concession
for a railway line from the Mediterranean coast to Kuwait. It was
rumoured that Russia wanted to use Kuwait as a coaling station.
|
|
Q253:
|
What is a coaling station?
|
|
A:
|
A port where steamships can pick up fuel. (Aden
was a famous coaling station on the route to India.)
|
|
Q254:
|
When did Count Kapnist make his
proposal?
|
|
A:
|
In 1898.
|
|
Q255:
|
Fear of Russian intrusion resulted
in a treaty between Britain and Kuwait. When was that treaty
concluded?
|
|
A:
|
In 1899.
|
|
Q256:
|
What did the ruler of Kuwait
promise in that treaty?
|
|
A:
|
Never to cede or lease any portion of his territory to
any foreign government or national except with the express
authorization of the British Government.
|
|
Q257:
|
What did the British promise in
return?
|
|
A:
|
To protect Kuwait in case of need.
|
|
Q258:
|
A few years before the outbreak of
the First World War, Great Britain and Turkey began a series of
negotiations which resulted (in July 1913) in the conclusion of a
convention which included three points relevant to Kuwait.
List these points.
|
|
A:
|
1 Turkey recognised Great Britain's
special relationship with Kuwait.
2 The territories of the Sheikh,
although nominally forming part of the province of Baghdad, were to be
autonomous.
3 Turkey would not extend the Baghdad
railway to the south of Basra without first obtaining Great Britain's
consent.
|
|
Q259:
|
When was this agreement ratified?
|
|
A:
|
Never. The outbreak of war between Great Britain
and Turkey in 1914 prevented ratification.
|
|
Q260:
|
How did the entry of Turkey into
the First World War (September 1914) affect Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
Britain established a protectorate over Kuwait.
|
|
Q261:
|
Were Kuwait's relations with its
neighbour on the Arab peninsula always peaceful?
|
|
A:
|
No. They were often cordial but, like the other
small sheikdoms on the coast of the Arabian peninsula, Kuwait always
had to be wary not to be swallowed up by its large neighbour.
This was often only possible because of British protection for these
sheikdoms. Kuwait's rulers always had to perform precarious
balancing acts in their alliances.
|
|
Q262:
|
What was the name of the
neighbouring state at the beginning of this century?
|
|
A:
|
Najd.
|
|
Q263:
|
What is the name of the
neighbouring state today?
|
|
A:
|
Saudi Arabia.
|
|
Q264:
|
When did Saudi Arabia come into
being?
|
|
A:
|
In 1932.
|
|
Q265:
|
What are the components of Saudi
Arabia?
|
|
A:
|
Saudi Arabia resulted from the union, in 1932, of Najd
and Hejaz.
|
|
Q266:
|
In which part of Saudi Arabia are
the holy cities of Mecca and Medina?
|
|
A:
|
In Hejaz.
|
|
Q267:
|
Who was the most famous ruler of
Saudi Arabia?
|
|
A:
|
King Ibn Saud.
|
|
Q268:
|
How has Ibn Saud's importance once
been described?
|
|
A:
|
'The greatest Arab ruler since the prophet Mohammed
himself'.
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1964, article on 'Arabia')
|
|
Q269:
|
When did King Ibn Saud live?
|
|
A:
|
From 1880 to 1953.
|
|
Q270:
|
At the beginning of this century
there was a feud between the Saud family and a rival dynasty in
northern Najd. Who was the leader of that dynasty?
|
|
A:
|
Mohammed ibn Rashid.
|
|
Q271:
|
What was King Ibn Saud's (short)
name?
|
|
A:
|
Abdul-Aziz.
|
|
Q272:
|
What was his father's name?
|
|
A:
|
Abdul-Rahman.
|
|
Q273:
|
The greatness of the Saudi family
goes back to an alliance between an ancestor of King Ibn Saud and a
religious reformer who tried to revive the pure traditions of original
Islam.
Name the Saudi ancestor and the
religious reformer.
|
|
A:
|
- The ancestor was Muhammad ibn Saud.
- The religious reformer was Muhammad
ibn Abdul Wahhab.
|
|
Q274:
|
When was the alliance between
Muhammad ibn Saud and Abdul Wahhab forged?
|
|
A:
|
In 1744.
|
|
Q275:
|
What was the capital of the Saudi
state?
|
|
A:
|
Riyadh.
|
|
Q276:
|
When did Ibn Rashid occupy the
Wahhabi capital Riyadh?
|
|
A:
|
In 1891.
|
|
Q277:
|
How did Abdul-Rahman react to the
occupation of his state and its capital (a situation corresponding to
the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1990, almost exactly 99 years later)?
|
|
A:
|
He and his family went into exile, first in Bahrain and
then in Kuwait. [In 1990, the Emir of Kuwait went into exile in
Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)].
|
|
Q278:
|
How old was Abdul-Aziz (later King
Ibn Saud) when he arrived in Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
11 years or slightly older. In effect, King Ibn
Saud grew up in Kuwait.
|
|
Q279:
|
What were the relations between
young Abdul-Aziz and his host, Sheikh Mubarak of Kuwait.
|
|
A:
|
They admired each other. Sheikh Mubarak let
Abdul-Aziz participate in his business of state and groomed him for the
office of government. If some credit for the achievements of
children has to be given to their parents, then Sheikh Mubarak deserves
some credit for the greatness of his protegé‚ Abdul-Aziz.
|
|
Q280:
|
During his stay in Kuwait
Abdul-Aziz was impressed by, and learnt from Sheik Mubarak, two things,
which were important in his later career as a King.
Which were they?
|
|
A:
|
- The efficient way in which Sheikh
Mubarak ruled his country.
- Sheikh Mubarak's friendship for
Great Britain.
|
|
Q281:
|
In 1901 Sheikh Mubarak, during his
joint campaign with Abdul-Aziz, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands
of Ibn Rashid, near Sarif, south-east of Hail.
Another foreign power tried to
take advantage of Kuwait's weakness at that time. What happened?
|
|
A:
|
The Turks tried to seize Kuwait but were stopped by the
British.
(This is the incident referred to in Questions 224-226,
above.)
|
|
Q282:
|
Did Abdul-Aziz give up in his
attempts to regain his country?
|
|
A:
|
No, in the same year, 1901, he made a second, dramatic
and successful attempt to recapture Riyadh and firmly established
himself in Najd.
|
|
Q283:
|
What is the parallel between the
Gulf conflict of 1990/91 and the establishment of Saudi Arabia?
|
|
A:
|
In and before 1900, Kuwait served as a base for the
Saudi dynasty when their territory had been taken over by a 'foreign'
power. Several times Kuwait equipped the Saud family in its
struggle to regain power in their country.
90 years later, the Saudis did the same for the Kuwaiti
dynasty.
|
|
Q284:
|
Sheikh Mubarak had been succeeded,
in 1916, by one of his sons. What was his name?
|
|
A:
|
Sheikh Salim.
|
|
Q285:
|
Did the good relations between
Abdul-Aziz and Kuwait continue when Sheikh Salim became ruler of Kuwait
in 1916.
|
|
A:
|
No, Abdul-Aziz became increasingly aggrieved by Sheikh
Salim's actions.
|
|
Q286:
|
What were Abdul-Aziz's grievances?
|
|
A:
|
1 Sheikh Salim supported his enemy Ibn
Rashid.
2 Sheikh Salim supported Turkey and
allowed military supplies for the Turks to go through his port.
This was a breach of Kuwait's treaty obligations with Great Britain.
3 Sheikh Salim encouraged tribesmen in
the province of Hasa to revolt against Abdul-Aziz.
|
|
Q287:
|
During the First World War,
Russia, England and France were at war with Turkey, which was allied
with Germany.
How did Great Britain respond to
Sheikh Salim's actions?
|
|
A:
|
Great Britain blockaded Kuwait from February 1918 until
the end of hostilities with Turkey.
|
|
Q288:
|
There was a dispute about the
border between Najd and Kuwait. The borders being unmarked,
Sheikh Salim was concerned by creeping annexation of his territory and
infiltration of Kuwait by Wahhabis. He built a fort 100 miles
inland to stake a claim to the territory that had always been regarded
as his father's.
Kuwait's attitude annoyed
Abdul-Aziz. Moreover, Kuwait had something that Abdul-Aziz badly
wanted.
What was it?
|
|
A:
|
Excellent port facilities, in a strategic position.
|
|
Q289:
|
How did Abdul-Aziz try to resolve
the problem?
|
|
A:
|
He let his armies march against Kuwait.
|
|
Q290:
|
When did Abdul-Aziz attack Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
In 1919.
|
|
Q291:
|
Was Kuwait able to defend itself?
|
|
A:
|
No, Kuwait had no seizable army of its own.
|
|
Q292:
|
What did Sheikh Salim do to defend
himself as best he could?
|
|
A:
|
The Kuwaitis built a mud wall to protect the city and
sent a small force against the army of Abdul-Aziz. (The mud wall
was demolished in 1957.)
|
|
Q293:
|
Where did the Kuwaiti force meet
the Saudi army?
|
|
A:
|
Near the village of Jahara, twenty miles west of Kuwait
City.
|
|
Q294:
|
What was the outcome of the battle
of Jahara?
|
|
A:
|
- The Kuwaitis were beaten.
- A short truce was arranged.
|
|
Q295:
|
What did the two opponents do
during that truce?
|
|
A:
|
- Abdul-Aziz prepared his men for the
occupation of Kuwait.
- Sheikh Salim formally invited Great
Britain to defend his country.
|
|
Q296:
|
Did Abdul-Aziz (like Saddam
Hussein in 1991) try to face Great Britain in battle?
|
|
A:
|
No. On October 24, 1920, Abdul-Aziz withdrew his
forces. He was more realistic than Saddam Hussein and did not
want to fight with lances and rifles against superior western
technology (planes and big guns).
|
|
Q297:
|
The British convened a conference
to settle border questions. Britain, Kuwait, Iraq and Najd (later
Saudi Arabia) were represented. The chairman was Sir Percy
Cox, British High Commissioner in Baghdad.
Where was that conference held?
|
|
A:
|
At Uqair.
|
|
Q298:
|
Where is Uqair?
|
|
A:
|
In Saudi Arabia (near Bahrain, south of Kuwait).
|
|
Q299:
|
When was the Uqair convention
signed?
|
|
A:
|
In 1922.
|
|
Q300:
|
On the map of Kuwait, you can see
a neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. What is its
significance?
|
|
A:
|
The neutral zone contains the territory on which Kuwait
and Saudi Arabia could not agree. It was given by the British to
Saudi Arabia to compensate Ibn Saud for territory he was forced to cede
to Iraq.
|
|
Q301:
|
What are the rights of Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia in the neutral zone?
|
|
A:
|
It was agreed in the Uqair convention, that both states
should have equal rights in that zone.
|
|
Q302:
|
Why do Arabs historically seem to
have so little respect for national territories and their boundaries,
and how is it possible that there are so many disputes about
them? Give three related arguments.
|
|
A:
|
- Their tradition is that of nomads.
- Boundaries are difficult to mark or
to defend in the desert.
- Before the discovery of oil, there
were no fixed assets in the desert.
What mattered was not, as today, the physical possession
(= 'sitting on') a piece of land.
What mattered was
+ the allegiance of people (which
could change easily) and
+ the right to pass through a
territory.
Note:
'... until this century the territory which now
comprises Saudi Arabia was a disunited land of small kingdoms, imperial
spheres of influences and warring tribes, where boundaries and
allegiances shifted as swiftly and erratically as the desert
sands.' (Almana, p 21)
The frontiers of Great Britain have been historically
well defined because it is an island. By contrast, the frontiers
of, say, Poland, Germany and France have been much more mobile, even
though these countries are not populated by nomads and there are many
natural demarcation lines. The stable frontiers of Great Britain
and the invisible frontiers in the Arabian desert constitute two
extremes on a scale of stability and instability.
To understand what happened in the desert we must
understand how the desert differs from our home countries. After
the United Nations sanctioned the use of force against Iraq, Thomas R
Pickering, the US ambassador to the United Nations said: 'We have drawn
a firm line in the sand.' A sympathetic Arab diplomat mused:
'Fine. Now let us pray we can control the winds' (Miller
and Mylroie, p xv).
Saddam Hussein behaved in respect of Kuwait, as if there
were no fixed assets and as if physical possession was still a trivial
(and therefore negotiable or changeable) matter. Kuwait in 1990
is not the desert in 1900.
|
|
Q303:
|
Who succeeded Sheikh Salim as
ruler of Kuwait and when?
|
|
A:
|
His nephew succeeded him in 1921 and became Sheikh
Ahmad.
|
|
Q304:
|
Who is the present Emir of Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
Sheikh Jaber al-Sabah.
|
|
Q305:
|
When did Sheikh Jaber al-Sabah
come to power?
|
|
A:
|
In 1977.
Note: List of the immediate predecessors of the present
Emir:
Sheikh Mubarak 1896-1915
Sheikh Salim 1916-1921
Sheikh Ahmad 1921-1950
Sheikh Abdullah 1950-1965
Sheikh Sabah Salem 1965-1977
|
|
Q306:
|
Which countries were setting an
example for Kuwait in the exploitation of their oil resources?
|
|
A:
|
Iran and Bahrein.
|
|
Q307:
|
When was the Kuwait Oil Company
founded?
|
|
A:
|
In 1934.
|
|
Q308:
|
Who were the owners of the Kuwait
Oil Company?
|
|
A:
|
- The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company of
Great Britain
- The Gulf Oil Corporation of the
United States
|
|
Q309:
|
What is the territory covered by
the Kuwait Oil Company concession of 1934?
|
|
A:
|
The whole of Kuwait's territory.
|
|
Q310:
|
What is the duration of the
concession?
|
|
A:
|
75 years, starting in 1934.
|
|
Q311:
|
When did drilling operations in
Kuwait begin?
|
|
A:
|
In 1949.
|
|
Q312:
|
When was the northern frontier
between Kuwait and Iraq agreed upon?
|
|
A:
|
In 1923.
|
|
Q313:
|
Which Iraqi leader first advocated
total absorption of Kuwait into Iraq and when?
|
|
A:
|
Young King Ghazi in 1937.
|
|
Q314:
|
When did the British Government
give full independence to Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
In June 1961.
|
|
Q315:
|
How did Iraq react?
|
|
A:
|
Iraq claimed that all of Kuwait belonged to Iraq.
|
|
Q316:
|
What was the British response?
|
|
A:
|
The British sent troops to defend Kuwait.
|
|
Q317:
|
Did Iraq maintain its claim to
Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
No, Iraq dropped its claim when the Arab League
recognized Kuwait's independence on July 20, 1961.
|
|
Q318:
|
Who was in charge of Iraq in 1961?
|
|
A:
|
General Qassim.
|
|
Q319:
|
Did Iraq ever formally recognise
Kuwait's independence?
|
|
A:
|
Yes, in 1963 when the Baath party under Qassim was in
power in Iraq. Kuwait had to pay a substantial sum in exchange
for this settlement, which included an agreement about all border
disputes.
|
|
Q320:
|
Two more agreements between Iraq
and Kuwait were signed in 1963. What were they?
|
|
A:
|
- Iraq agreed to supply Kuwait with
120 million gallons of water per day from the Shatt-al-Arab.
- Customs duties on trade between Iraq
and Kuwait were virtually abolished.
|
|
Q321:
|
In 1973, there was a military
incident between Iraq and Kuwait? What was it?
|
|
A:
|
Iraqi troops occupied Al-Samitah, a border post in
northeastern Kuwait.
|
|
Q322:
|
What was the dispute about?
|
|
A:
|
The Kuwaiti islands of Bubiyan and Warbah.
|
|
Q323:
|
Why are these islands important
for Iraq?
|
|
A:
|
They control access to Umm Qasr, Iraq's military port.
|
|
Q324:
|
Kuwait has been described as
anachronistic, while Iraq has been described as progressive. Give
a quote which summarises the deceptive appearances of the two countries.
|
|
A:
|
'On paper, Iraq was the more "progressive" of the two
societies - socialist and secular. Kuwait, by contrast, was the
feudal monarchy, a religious state in which alcohol and other Western
vices were supposedly taboo, and whose women could not vote. In
practice, however, Iraq ruled mainly through arbitrary terror and
intimidation; Kuwait, by contrast, was relatively open and tolerant, a
place where authorities tended to wink at regulations, or look the
other way when it pleased them.' (Miller and Mylroie, p 200).
|
|
Q325:
|
When did the war between Iran and
Iraq start?
|
|
A:
|
In 1980.
|
|
Q326:
|
Which side did Kuwait take during
the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
- Kuwait gave considerable financial
assistance to Iraq.
- Kuwait was a supply route for
civilian and military imports into Iraq.
|
|
Q327:
|
Why did Kuwait support Iraq during
the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
- Kuwait was afraid of Iran's attempt
to export its fundamentalist shiite Islamic revolution.
- 55% of Iraq's population is
shiite. The Kuwaitis are mainly sunnis.
- If Iran had overrun southern Iraq,
it would have become Kuwait's neighbour. Even the present border
of Iran is only a few miles from Kuwait's eastern border.
|
|
Q328:
|
Did Kuwait suffer during the
Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
- As from 1983, there were Iran
inspired terrorist attacks inside Kuwait.
- In 1984, a Kuwaiti Airways plane was
hijacked to Teheran.
- There were more terrorist attacks
and more hijackings in later years.
- At the same time, Kuwait suffered
from falling oil prices.
|
|
Q329:
|
How did the Emir of Kuwait respond
to the precarious situation in his country?
|
|
A:
|
He suspended parliament and the constitution.
|
|
Q330:
|
What is Iraq's greatest
geographical disadvantage?
|
|
A:
|
Like Austria or Afghanistan, it is almost completely
landlocked, i.e. it has hardly any access to the open sea.
|
|
Q331:
|
How long is Iraq's coastline?
|
|
A:
|
26 miles.
|
|
Q332:
|
What is the name of Iraq's only
significant commercial port?
|
|
A:
|
Basra.
|
|
Q333:
|
How far is Basra from the open sea?
|
|
A:
|
50 miles.
|
|
Q334:
|
What connects Basra to the open
sea?
|
|
A:
|
The Shatt-al-Arab.
|
|
Q335:
|
Which rivers meet at Basra to form
the Shatt-al-Arab?
|
|
A:
|
The rivers Euphrates and Tigris.
|
|
Q336:
|
Why could Iraq not use the
Shatt-al-Arab during the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
After a few days it had become blocked by damaged ships
and war debris.
|
|
Q337:
|
Does Iraq have a navy?
|
|
A:
|
Yes, but it is very small.
|
|
Q338:
|
What is the name of Iraq's
military port?
|
|
A:
|
Umm Qasr? (See Questions 229 and 323 above.)
|
|
Q339:
|
Where was Iraq's navy at the
beginning of the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
In the Khor Abdullah.
|
|
Q340:
|
What is the Khor Abdullah?
|
|
A:
|
A small channel that forms part of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti
border.
|
|
Q341:
|
In which respects was Iraq
frustrated by Kuwait during the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
Kuwait did not allow Iraq to use a channel leading south
between the Kuwaiti islands of Warba and Bubiyan.
|
|
Q342:
|
Why did Kuwait not allow Iraqi
ships to pass between Warba and Bubiyan?
|
|
A:
|
Kuwait was afraid of the Iranian response.
|
|
Q343:
|
During the Iran-Iraq war, Iraq had
to export its oil, its only source of income. How did Iraq
get the oil out of its country?
|
|
A:
|
By pipeline: first across Turkey and Syria, later also
through Saudi Arabia.
|
|
Q344:
|
How did Iraq receive its imports?
|
|
A:
|
Via Jordan, Kuwait and Turkey.
|
|
Q345:
|
What lessons did Iraq learn from
this situation?
|
|
A:
|
That is was totally dependent on its neighbours for
handling its exports and imports and therefore very vulnerable.
|
|
Q346:
|
In 1986 a new development occurred
in the Iran-Iraq war. What was it?
|
|
A:
|
The Iranians began to attack Kuwaiti oil tankers because
Kuwait was an ally of Iraq.
|
|
Q347:
|
How did the Kuwaitis try to
protect themselves?
|
|
A:
|
They asked the USA for help.
|
|
Q348:
|
Did the USA respond positively?
|
|
A:
|
No.
|
|
Q349:
|
What was Kuwait's next move?
|
|
A:
|
Kuwait obtained a promise of help from the USSR.
|
|
Q350:
|
Did the USA like the prospect of
the USSR becoming involved in the Gulf?
|
|
A:
|
No. They therefore overcame their earlier
reluctance and allowed Kuwaiti ships to be re-registered as US ships
and fly the American flag and sent out ships to escort and protect the
Kuwaiti ships sailing under the US flag.
|
|
Q351:
|
How large was Iraq's international
debt at the end of the Iran-Iraq war?
|
|
A:
|
$70 billion.
|
|
Q352:
|
How much of this money did Iraq
owe to its ally Kuwait?
|
|
A:
|
More than $10 billion.
|
|
Q353:
|
When did the Iran-Iraq war end?
|
|
A:
|
With Iraq's acceptance of a cease-fire on the 8.8.88 (8
August 1988).
|
|
Q354:
|
Iraq had several grievances and
demands, which later served as a pretext or excuse for its invasion of
Kuwait. Which were they?
|
|
A:
|
1 Iraq wanted Kuwait to cancel its war
debts of over $10 billion.
2 Iraq wanted an additional $27
billion from Kuwait.
3 Iraq wanted Kuwait to reduce its oil
production in order to increase the price of oil on the world market.
4 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing
Iraqi oil from the Rumaila oil field. Most of the Rumaila oil
field is in Iraq. Iraq accused Kuwait of lifting, from its small
section of the oil field, more than its fair share.
5 Iraq wanted the islands of Warba and
Bubiyan.
|
|
Q355:
|
What were probably the real
reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait? Name the two most obvious
ones.
|
|
A:
|
- Iraq wanted Kuwait's riches (oil,
money, investments).
- Iraq wanted free access to the
Persian Gulf to escape from its landlocked position.
|
Sources of information and further reading
Aeschylus: 'The Plays of Aeschylus' translated
by Robert Potter. Routledge, London, 1892
Almana, Mohammed 1980: 'Arabia Unified. A
portrait of Ibn Saud.' Hutchinson Benham, London
Buchanan, Harvey 1956: 'Luther and the Turks
1519-1529'. In: Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, Vol 47, p
145-160. Bertelsmann Verlag, Gütersloh, Germany
Bury, J B 1900: 'History of Greece to the death
of Alexander the Great'. Macmillan, London
Cubberly Van Pelt, Mary: 'The Sheikhdom of
Kuwait'. In: Middle East Journal, Vol 4, 1950, p 12-26
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1964 and 1989
editions (state before Iraqi invasion of Kuwait)
Fischer-Galati, Stephen A: 'Ottoman imperialism
and the religious peace of Nürnberg (1532).' In: Archiv für
Reformationsgeschichte, Vol 47, p 160-180. Bertelsmann Verlag,
Gütersloh, Germany
Kennedy, Gavin 1982: 'Everything is
negotiable!' Business Books, London
Kinross, Lord 1977: 'The Ottoman
centuries. The rise and fall of the Turkish empire.'
Jonathan Cape, London
Koch, E E 1866: 'Geschichte des Kirchenliedes'
(History of the hymn). Stuttgart
Köhler, Rudolf 1965: 'Die biblischen Quellen
der Lieder' (The biblical sources of the hymns). This is Vol 1,
Part 2, of 'Handbuch zum Evangelischen Kirchengesangbuch' (Manual for
the Protestant Hymn Book) (ed Mahrenholz and Söhngen).
Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, Germany (p 245 deals with
'Erhalt uns, Herr, bei deinem Wort')
Lacey, Robert 1982: 'The kingdom'.
Fontana Paperbacks/ Collins, London (original edition: Hutchinson,
London, 1981). (This is an extremely readable history of Saudi Arabia.)
Lockhart, Laurence: 'Outline of the history of
Kuwait'. In: Journal of the Royal Asian Society, Vol 34, 1947, p
262-274
Lucke, W 1923: 'Die Lieder Luthers' (Luther's
hymns). In: D Martin Luthers Werke. Weimar 1923. Vol
35 (Contains detailed discussion of the origins of 'Erhalt uns,
Herr, bei deinem Wort' (p 235-248) and 'Verleih uns Frieden
gnädiglich' (p 232-235))
Luther, Martin 1528: 'Vom Kriege wider die
Türken' (About fighting the Turks). In: D Martin Luthers
Werke. Weimar 1909. Vol 30.2
Mansfield, Peter: 'Kuwait. Vanguard of the
gulf.' Hutchinson, London, 1990
Miller, Judith, and Laurie Mylroie 1990:
'Saddam Husein and the crisis in the gulf'. Times Books, Random
House, New York
Palumbo, Michael 1987: 'The Palestinian
catastrophe. The 1948 expulsion of a people from their
homeland.' Faber & Faber, London
Thucydides: 'History of the Peloponnesian
war'. Translated by Rex Warner. Penguin Books,
Harmondsworth, Mdx, England 1972
Tillich, Paul 1972: 'Gesammelte Werke'
(Collected works). Vol 13. Stuttgart
Veit, P 1986: 'Das Kirchenlied in der
Reformation Luthers' (Hymns in Luther's reformation). Stuttgart,
Germany
Winder, R Bayly 1965: 'Saudi Arabia in the nineteenth century'. Macmillan, London
© 1991 Klaus Bung
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